What does the term "enumerated powers" refer to in the context of Congress?

The term "enumerated powers" specifically refers to those powers that are explicitly written in the Constitution, particularly in Article I, Section 8. This section details the various authorities granted to Congress, such as the power to levy taxes, regulate commerce, declare war, and maintain an army. These are "enumerated" because they are clearly listed and defined within the text of the Constitution, distinguishing them from powers that might be inferred or implied. Understanding this concept is crucial, as it illustrates the foundational framework of federal authority and the limitations imposed on Congress, ensuring that it operates within defined boundaries. The other options involve concepts such as implied powers or state powers, which do not pertain to the specific designation of powers laid out directly in the governing document.